PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – II (INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS)



UV /Visible Spectroscopy 
Regions of Electromagnetic spectrum, properties of EMR, atomic and molecular spectra, Beer - Lambert's law and deviations from Beer's law Principles and theoretical aspects of UVN/Visible Spectroscopy, electronic transition, effect of conjugation, concept of chromophore and auxochrome, bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic and hypochromic shifts Instrumentation - components of spectrophotometer, types of spectrophotometers, Solvents and sample handling, Applications - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - single component 

IR spectroscopy 
Principles and theoretical aspects - Molecular vibrations, Hook’s Law, Intensity and position of IR bands, Measurement of IR spectrum, finger print region and characteristic absorption of various functional groups. 
Instrumentation - Spectrophotometer components, Sample preparation and handling Application - Interpretation of IR spectra of simple organic compounds, quantitative applications. 

i)NMR - A brief introduction to the principle and instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding and de shielding. 
ii)MS - A brief introduction to the principle and instrumentation, various methods of ion production and fragmentation rules. 
iii)Fluorescence spectroscopy - Fundamentals, radiative and non radiative process, mirror image relation ship, fluorescence and molecular structure, properties of fluorescence. Instrumentation - components of spectrofluorimeter and applications 

Electrochemical methods 
i) Amperometric titrations 
ii) Potentiometry - principles and theoretical aspects - electrodes, measurement of cell potential, end point evaluation methods, potentiometric titrations, Null point potentiometry and application. 
iii) Conductometry - principles and theoretical aspects, conductance, equivalent and molar conductance, effect of dilution on conductance, conductivity water, cell constant, conductivity cell, measurement of conductivity, conductimetric titrations and applications. Other analytical techniques - Principle, Instrumentation and application of following instrumental methods of analysis nephelometry, turbidometry, flame photometryand differential thermal analysis 

Chromatography: Principle, instrumentation and experimental details and applications of paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC. 
Electrophoresis : Principle, instrumentation, experimental details and applications of paper and gel electrophoresis .