The Empiric era 1600 - 1940

• pharmacopeias were used to protect public health.

• Roots, bark, herbs, flowers etc. were used and controlled by the government.

• They questioned the toxicological effects on human body.

• Created interest in testing of drugs and how they affected the body.

• In the year 1751 Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital.

• In Pennsylvania, it was moved but still stands today.

• Jonathan Roberts first as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two professions.