Size
reduction – Objectives, properties of
solids, Classification of equipment. Important intermediate crushers & fine
grinders, Cutting rolls, disk crushers, edge and end Runner mills,
disintegrators, hammer mills, ball mills and their different modifications,
colloid mill, impact mills, pin mills, fluid energy mills, particle size
classifiers used with grinding mills.
Size
separation – I.P.Grades of Powders,
Sieves – Standards, materials of construction, sieving of powders – Particle
size distribution and its measurement using sieves. Representation on
data. Screening equipment for coarse and
fine powders. Shifting by gyratory
turbulence.
Fluid
classification methods – Cyclone
separators, air separators, bag filters, scrubbers, air filters, size
separation by settling, double cone classifier. Laws of settling,
sedimentation, Elutriation.
Leaching
and Extraction – Solid liquid
Extraction, theory, problems of crude drug Extraction, solvents, properties
choice and recovery. Factors affecting choice of Extraction process and efficiency
of Extraction. Maceration, percolation and continuous Extraction process. Diffusion batteries Extraction towers.
Liquid
extraction – Principles, Small and
large scale equipment, pod biel niak extractor.
Expression equipment for small and large scale operation.
Evaporation – General principles, heat supply and vapour removal.
Heat transfer, film coefficients, scale formation. Evaporators –
Classification, pan, stills, short tube, long tube, vertical forced circulation
with internal heating element, film and vapour compression evaporators. Evaporation under reduced pressure.
Distillation
and condensation – Different mass
transfer operations, theory applied to binary mixtures; Distillation methods –
Equilibrium and differential distillations, azeotropic distillation,
rectification, sieve plate and packed columns, HEPT. Steam distillation –
theory, equipment and applications, Molecular distillation – theory, equipment
and applications.
Automatic
water stills, steam jacketed kettle, distillation under reduced pressure.
Drying – Theory of drying, Drying of damp solids, tray,
vaccum tunnel, rotary and infrared dryer. Drying of slurries of solution –
Drum, spray, freeze drying and fluidized bed drying.
Crystallisation – Importance of crystal purity, size, shape,
geometry, habit, forms and types.
Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson
Walker crystalliser. Miers supersaturation theory and its limitations.
Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth.
Classification of crystallisers, Tank, agitated batch, Swenson Walker,
single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal crystallizer. Caking of crystals
and its prevention.
Gas
absorption – Importance in pharmacy. Properties and type of tower packing,
Tower construction and other commercial absorbers and their operations, two
phase flow through packed tower. Pressure and Mass Transfer Coefficients;
Desorption.
Mixing – Definition and objectives; Types of mixers; Solid –
solid mixing: Selection of mixer; Mixing of viscous masses; Kneading and ban
burry mixtures; Ointment mills, triple roller mill.
Liquid
– liquid and gas liquid mixing equipment:
Different types of mixing impellers, their characteristics, operation and
application.
Absorption
and Ion exchange – Ion exchange
operations, Ion exchange principles different types of Ion exchangers behaviors
of ion exchange resins, applications.
Compaction – Scope, measurement of Punch forces, transmission of
force through powders, distribution of forces in powder mass, effect of
pressure on relative volume, lubrication of diewall, adhesion and cohesion of
particles, factors effecting strength of granules and strength of tablets.
Automatic
process control systems – Process
variables (temperature, pressure flow, level and vacuum) and their measurement;
Elements of automatic process control and introduction automatic process
control systems.
