PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING – I

Materials of Construction: Factors affecting the material selection for Pharmaceutical plants. 

Ferrous Metals: Cast iron steels and Stainless steels, 

Non-Ferrous Metals: Copper, Aluminum, Lead, Tin, Silver, Nickel, Zinc, Platinum, Chromium and their important alloys. 

Nonmetals: Glass, Stoneware, Stone slate, Brick, Concrete, Asbestos, Rubber, Timber, Plastics. 

Corrosion and its Prevention: Types of corrosion, factors influencing corrosion, theories of corrosion, methods of prevention of corrosion. 

Definition of unit operations, unit processes. Steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensional formulas, dimensional analysis, and dimensionless groups. 

Fluid Flow: Fluid static's, manometers, types of flow, Bernoulli's theorem, losses in mechanical energy of flowing fluids, measurement of fluids flow rate - orifice, venturi, pitot and rotameter, flow meters. 

Heat Transfer: Nature of heat flow, 

Conduction: - Fourier's law, thermal conductivity, compound resistance in series, heat flow through a cylinder - mean radius and mean area. 

Convection: - Natural and forced convection, temperature gradients in forced convection, surface and over all coefficients. Parallel current and counter current flow. 

Radiation: -black body, Stefan Boltzaman law, and gray body. Heaters, heat interchangers, scraped surface exchangers, extended surface equipment. 

Steam as heating medium: - properties and uses of steam traps, vacuum pumps, condensers, entrainment separators, foam and its prevention. 

Transportation of Materials 

Solids: - Classification, principles of construction & uses of different types of conveyers, detailed study of belt, screw and pneumatic conveyers. 

Fluids: - Pipes, tubes, joints, fittings, valves, Different types of reciprocating & rotary pumps, air lift pumps, screw pumps, monopumps, peristaltic pumps. 

Gases: - Fans, Blowers, types of compressors, ejectors, vacuum pumps, jet pumps. 

Humidification dehumidification and air conditioning: Definition of various terms, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, humidity chart, determination of humidity, methods of increasing and decreasing humidity. Air conditioning - applications in pharmacy.

Refrigeration: Definition; compression and absorption; types of refrigeration cycles; coefficient of performance, refrigerants and their choice; Brine systems, load and applications in pharmacy. 

Filtration: Laboratory filtration equipment, classification of industrial filters, sand filters, chamber press, plate & frame filter press, brief description of leaf filters, rotary continuous filters, top feed filters, streamline & meta filters, choice of filtration unit. Membrane filters, Air filtration. Filter operation - effect of pressure, filter aids, Filter media, factors affecting rate of filtration, pretreatment of materials. Filtration theory - Mechanism of filtration, Kozeny equation and its limitations. 

Centrifugation: Theoretical considerations, large scale centrifuges classification, perforated & non perforated basket centrifuges, disc centrifuge bowls, tubular bowl centrifuges, horizontal centrifuges, continuous centrifuges, vertical solid bowl centrifuge, laboratory equipment. 

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – I

Computation of analytical results - Significant figures, Concept of error, precision, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, detection limit, linearity and range, ruggedness, standard deviation Rejection of doubtful values with special reference to volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Calibration of analytical equipment. 

Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards. 

Physico-chemical concepts required for analysis such as electrolytic dissociation, Modem theory of acids, bases and salts - Bronstead - Lowry theory, Lewis electronic theory; chemical equilibrium, pH and buffer action, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and amphoteric substances. 

Principles of Neutralization reactions; Theory of indicators and Neutralization indicators. 

Principles of oxidation-reduction titration's, redox, self-indicators and their use, reactions in pharmaceutical analysis precipitation. 

Principles of gravimetric analysis - typical methods involving precipitation, coagulation, digestion, drying procedures, co-precipitation. 

Theory and applications of complexometric titration's, argentometry, iodometry, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, EDT A, non-aqueous tritrations redox titration's, ammonium sulphate, titanous chloride. Principles of gas analysis. 

Stoichiometry of Ionic equations and Solutions: The Mole concept, Measuring of Moles of Elements and Compounds; Percentage Composition; Emperical and Molecular Formula; Balancing of Chemical Equations; Some analytical problems and calculations based on mass balance, limiting reagent theoretical yield and percentage yield.

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Benzene and Derivatives) 

Structure of Benzene, stability of Benzene ( Heats of hydrogenation), Aromatic character –Huckel’s (4n + 2 electron) rule. Nomenclature of Benzene derivatives. Electrophilic substitution reactions (Halogenation, Nitration, Sulphonation, Friedel- Crafts alkylation and acylation), Effect of substituent on Reactivity and orientation of monosubstiuted Benzenes. Nucleophilic substitution in Halobenzenes. Acidity and Reactions of Phenols. 

Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: Napthalene and Anthracene: Structure, relative stability and aromaticity, Electrophilic substitution reactions - orientation, reduction and oxidation. 

Stereo Chemistry 

Stereoisomerism, conformational isomerism, Cis-trans (E & Z) isomerism, sequence rules for E & Z configurations. Enantiomerism and optical activity: 

Plane of symmetry, asymmetry or chirality, plane polarized light, Relative (D & L) configurations, Absolute (R & S) configurations, sequence rules, Diastereomers, Meso structures, racemic modifications, concept of stereospecificity. 

Heterocyclic Compounds Containing One Hetero Atom 

Introduction, classification and nomenclature of Heterocyclic compounds, Ring structure, methods of preparation and characteristic reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene, Pyridine, Indole, Quinoline, Isoquinoline and Acridine. Structure and specific uses of two medicinally important compounds representing each of the heterocyclic systems. 

Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Two Hetero Atoms 

Structure and preparation of Pyrazole, Imidazole, Benzimidazole, Oxazole, Isoxozole, thiazole, diazine, pyrimidius, pyrazine and phenothiazine. 

Nomenclature and Ring Structure and specific uses of two medicinally important compounds representing each of the above heterocyclic systems; Benzofuran, Benzopyran, dioxane, cinnoline, phenazine, oxazine, triazine, triazole, tetrazole, phenam and cepham. 

Synthetic Reagents and Reactions 

Specific synthetic Applications (at least two) of the following reagents: 

Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LAH), Lead Tetra Acetate (LTA), N-Bromosucinimide (NBS), Selenium oxide, sodium periodate, perchloric acid, 

Mechanism of the following reactions: Fries migration, Beckmann Re-arrangement, Birch reduction, Hoffman's hypobromite reaction, oppenneur oxidation. MPV reduction, ArndtEistert synthesis. 

PHARMACEUTICAL. MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to the Science of Microbiology and Microscopy. Groups of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus and actinomycetes) classification, macro and micro morphology and taxonomy. Different methods of bacterial count. Nutrition, Cultivation, Isolation, Identification and Preservation of pure cultures. Organisms important in Pharmacy. 

Different biochemical reactions employed in identification of organisms, stains and staining, tolerance, Physiology and reproduction of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Microbial genetics and Variation: Introduction, genetic organization, mutation, mutagens, different types of mutants, physical and chemical mutagenesis repair mechanism and their isolation. 

Disinfections: Factors influencing disinfections, dynamics of disinfections, different groups of disinfectants and antiseptics and their evaluation and applications. 

Sterilization: Premises and Equipment, detailed evaluation and application of different sterilization methods. Sterilization indicators and their importance. 

Microbial attack and host defense, virulence and pathogen city, primary and specific defensive mechanisms of body. 

General Principles of immunology and their applications. Immunogenetics: Classification and principles of different types of immunity, Immune systems - humoral immunity, cellular immunity and tolerance. Phagocytosis, Hypersensitivity and other reactions. 

General Principles of Serology and Chemical nature of antigens, antibodies. Different antigen - antibody reactions and their applications. Precipitation, agglutination and their significance in diagnosis and diagnostic tests. Different antigens of bacterial cells, monophasic and biphasic variation. Bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, Toxoids. 

General principles of infection and communicable diseases. Significant symptoms, General modes of transmission of the following epidemic and endemic diseases. 

a) Tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid. b) Diphtheria, whooping cough. c) Plague, malaria, filariasis, infuenza. d) Infective hepatitis, poliomyelitis. 

Systematic studies of a few selected organisms - E.Coli, Pencillium sps, Streptomyces sps, Saccharomyces sps. Microbiology of water and milk. 

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane. 

The concept of free energy, determination of free energy change from equilibrium constant and reduction potential, energy rich compounds, production of A TP and its biological significance. 

Enzymes - Nomenclature & classification, Kinetics, mechanism of action and inhibition, clinical applications of enzymes, isozymes and coenzymes. 

Carbohydrate metabolism: - Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis, metabolism of galactose, role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis; pentose phosphate pathway. TCA cycle, its significance, Anapleuritic reations, Effects of inhibitor and regulation of TCA cycle, Glyoxalate cycle. 

Lipid metabolism - fate of dietary lipids; beta oxidation, oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids; synthesis of ketone bodies, biosynthesis, of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol metabolism, phospholipids and sphingolipids. 

Electron transport and biologial oxidation. Nitrogen balance, metabolism of amino acids; biosynthesis of purins, pyrimidines and their nucleotides, formation of uric acid. 

Integration of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Biosynthesis of RNA and DNA, Physical and chemical mutagenesis, DNA repair mechanism, recombinant DNA, mechanism of protein synthesis and its regulation, inborn errors in metabolism. 

Principles involved and methods used in qualitative & quantitative analysis of blood for -SGPT, SGOT, Bilerubin, glucose, urea, cratinine, albumin, alhuminl globulin ratio and their clinical significance. Principles involved and methods used in qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine for - glucose, ketone bodies, bile salts, bile pigments and albumin. Product inhibition, feed back inhibition, role of cyclic AMP in enzyme activation, repression and induction and control of enzyme synthesis by regulation of transcription.