Materials of Construction: Factors affecting the material selection for
Pharmaceutical plants.
Ferrous Metals: Cast
iron steels and Stainless steels,
Non-Ferrous Metals: Copper, Aluminum, Lead, Tin, Silver, Nickel, Zinc, Platinum,
Chromium and their important alloys.
Nonmetals: Glass,
Stoneware, Stone slate, Brick, Concrete, Asbestos, Rubber, Timber,
Plastics.
Corrosion and its Prevention: Types of corrosion, factors influencing corrosion,
theories of corrosion, methods of prevention of corrosion.
Definition of unit operations, unit processes. Steady
and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensional formulas, dimensional
analysis, and dimensionless groups.
Fluid Flow: Fluid
static's, manometers, types of flow, Bernoulli's theorem, losses in mechanical
energy of flowing fluids, measurement of fluids flow rate - orifice, venturi,
pitot and rotameter, flow meters.
Heat Transfer: Nature
of heat flow,
Conduction: - Fourier's law, thermal conductivity,
compound resistance in series, heat flow through a cylinder - mean radius and
mean area.
Convection: - Natural and forced convection,
temperature gradients in forced convection, surface and over all coefficients.
Parallel current and counter current flow.
Radiation: -black body, Stefan Boltzaman law, and gray
body. Heaters, heat interchangers, scraped surface exchangers, extended surface
equipment.
Steam as heating medium: - properties and uses of
steam traps, vacuum pumps, condensers, entrainment separators, foam and its
prevention.
Transportation of Materials
Solids: - Classification, principles of construction
& uses of different types of conveyers, detailed study of belt, screw and
pneumatic conveyers.
Fluids: - Pipes, tubes, joints, fittings, valves,
Different types of reciprocating & rotary pumps, air lift pumps, screw
pumps, monopumps, peristaltic pumps.
Gases: - Fans, Blowers, types of compressors,
ejectors, vacuum pumps, jet pumps.
Humidification dehumidification and air conditioning: Definition of various terms, wet bulb and adiabatic
saturation temperatures, humidity chart, determination of humidity, methods of
increasing and decreasing humidity. Air conditioning - applications in pharmacy.
Refrigeration: Definition; compression and absorption;
types of refrigeration cycles; coefficient of performance, refrigerants and
their choice; Brine systems, load and applications in pharmacy.
Filtration: Laboratory
filtration equipment, classification of industrial filters, sand filters,
chamber press, plate & frame filter press, brief description of leaf
filters, rotary continuous filters, top feed filters, streamline & meta
filters, choice of filtration unit. Membrane filters, Air filtration. Filter
operation - effect of pressure, filter aids, Filter media, factors affecting
rate of filtration, pretreatment of materials. Filtration theory - Mechanism of
filtration, Kozeny equation and its limitations.
Centrifugation: Theoretical
considerations, large scale centrifuges classification, perforated & non
perforated basket centrifuges, disc centrifuge bowls, tubular bowl centrifuges,
horizontal centrifuges, continuous centrifuges, vertical solid bowl centrifuge,
laboratory equipment.