Solubility and Distribution
Phenomena
Definitions, Expressions, Phase
rule, Solvent - Solute interactions - polar solvents and semipolar solvents,
Solubility of gases in liquids - effect of pressure and temperature, Salting
out, Effect of chemical reactions, Solubility calculations. Solubility of
liquids in liquids ideal and real solutions, Complete and partial miscibility,
Influence of foreign substances, Three component systems, Dielectric constant
and solubility. Solubility of solids in liquids Ideal and non ideal solutions
solvation and association in solutions. Solubility of salts in water,
Solubility of slightly soluble and week electrolytes, Calculating solubility of
weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, Influence of solvents on the solubility
of drugs, Combined effect of solvents. Distribution of solutes between immiscible
solvents - Effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition
& extraction, Solubility and partition coefficients, Preservative action of
weak acids in emulsions, Drug action and partition coefficients.
Chemical Kinetics
Rates and orders of reactions -
Rate, order of reaction, Molecularly, Specific rate constant, Units of basic
rate constants, Mathematical treatment of rates.
Apparent zero order kinetics. First
order reactions. Second order reactions. Determination of order of a reaction.
Elementary idea complex reactions. Specific and general acid base catalysis.
Influence of temperature and other factors on reaction rates - Effect of
solvents, Ionic strength, Dielectric constant, Catalysts and light. Decomposition
and destabilization of medicinal agents against hydrolysis, Oxidation. Kinetics
in the solid state. Accelerated stability analysis.
Interfacial Phenomena
Introduction, liquid interphases -
Surface and interfacial tensions, Surface free energy, measurement of surface
and interfacial tensions, Spreading coefficient. Adsorption at liquid
interfaces - Surface active agents, Systems of hydrophilic - Lipophilic
classification, Solubilization and detergency. Types of monolayer at liquid
surfaces, applications of amphiphiles. Absorption at solid interfaces -
Solid/Gas interface - Solid/Liquid interface. Electric properties of interfaces
- Electric double layer, N emst and zeta potentials.
Colloids and Micromeritics
Dispersed systems, Size and shape
of colloidal particles - pharmaceutical application, Types - Lipophilic,
Lipophobic and Association colloids, Comparison of properties of colloidal
sols; Optical, Kinetic and Electric properties of colloids, Solubilization gels
- Structure, Properties and Applications.
Particle size and size distribution
- average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight
distributions, Particle number; Methods for determining particle size - optical
microscopy, sieving, Sedimentation, Particle volume measurement, Particle shape
and surface area, Methods for determining surface area - Absorption methods,
Air permeability methods; Derived properties of powders - Porosity, Packing
arrangements, Densities, bulkiness, Flow properties.
Rheology and Polymers
Rheology of Pharmaceutical Fluids:
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Systems;
Newtonian systems - Laws of flow,
Kinematic viscosity, Effect of temperature.
Non newtonian systems - Plastic and
Pseudoplastic dilatant flow.
Thixotropy - Measurement of
thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulation.
Determination of rheologic
properties - choice of viscometer, Capillary, falling sphere, Cup and bob, and
cone and plate viscometers. Psychorheology. Applications to pharmacy.
Polymers: Definition, Types of
Polymers, Water Soluble and Water Insoluble Polymers; Polymers as Thickening
Agents; Pharmaceutical Application of Polymers;